Анотація
Метою дослідження був аналіз нормативно-правової бази та оцінка можливостей розвитку міжнародного співробітництва між Казахстаном і Китаєм у сфері захисту прав туристів. У дослідженні використано порівняльний аналіз нормативно-правових актів, аналіз міжурядових угод, що регулюють туристичну сферу, а також контент- аналіз звітів державних органів і галузевих асоціацій. Розглянуто основні механізми правового регулювання захисту прав туристів у Казахстані та Китаї. Проаналізовано ефективність існуючих інституційних механізмів співпраці, зокрема функціонування Казахстансько-китайського туристичного форуму та спільних прикордонних координаційних груп, що діють в рамках двосторонніх угод. Дослідження виявило ключові проблеми, серед яких недостатня координація між національними органами захисту прав споживачів, відсутність єдиної системи адміністративного розгляду скарг туристів, а також труднощі з судовим врегулюванням спорів, що спричиняє значні фінансові та часові витрати для туристів. Виявлено, що значна кількість конфліктних ситуацій вирішується через механізми саморегулювання туристичного бізнесу та позасудового врегулювання спорів, зокрема за участі галузевих асоціацій та страхових компаній. Були проаналізовані перспективи співпраці, включаючи можливість створення єдиної електронної бази даних скарг туристів між Казахстаном і Китаєм, гармонізацію стандартів туристичного страхування, розширення альтернативних механізмів вирішення спорів, включаючи міжнародний арбітраж. Ефективне правове регулювання туристичної діяльності є важливим фактором розвитку транскордонного туризму та забезпечення його стійкості, а впровадження узгоджених механізмів захисту прав туристів сприятиме підвищенню довіри на туристичному ринку і зміцненню двосторонніх відносин між Казахстаном і Китаєм
Ключові слова: законодавство; нормативно-правові акти; відповідальність; угоди; безпека; транскордонні подорожі
Цитувати
[1] Aday, A., Mazbayev, O., Tleubayeva, A., Amangeldi, A., & Han, F. (2024). The Kazakhstan tourism market structure analysis and optimisation path selection. Journal of Geography and Environmental Management, 72(1), 144-154. doi: 10.26577/ JGEM.2024.v72.i1.011.
[2] Address by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Leader of the Nation, N. Nazarbayev “Strategy Kazakhstan-2050”: New Political Course of фthe Established State”. (2012, October). Retrieved from https://www.akorda.kz/en/addresses/ addresses_of_president/address-by-the-president-of-the-republic-of-kazakhstan-leader-of-the-nation-nnazarbayev-strategy-kazakhstan-2050-new-political-course-of-the-established-state.
[3] Agreement between the Government of the Peopleʼs Republic of China and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Mutual Visa Exemption. (2023, November). Retrieved from https://surl.li/oeixvr.
[4] Agreement on China-Kazakhstan Border Ports and their Management System. (2023, May). https://www.mfa.gov.cn/wjb_673085/zzjg_673183/bjhysws_674671/bhgjty/kaglty/202303/P020230320563226064589.pdf.
[5] Astana International Financial Centre. (2024). The AIFC Court and International Arbitration Centre (IAC) launched “AIFC Court & IAC Beijing” at new world-class premises in Beijing, China. Retrieved from https://aifc.kz/news/the-aifc-court-and- international-arbitration-centre-iac-launched-aifc-court-iac-beijing-at-new-world-class-premises-in-beijing-china/.
[6] Atasoy, B., Şeyhanlioğlu, H.Ö., & Zengin, B. (2023). Crises and tourism: An early assessment on the Russia-Ukraine war. Anais Brasileiros de Estudos Turísticos, 13. doi: 110.5281/zenodo.10325794.
[7] Baimuratov, M., Kofman, B., Bobrovnik, D., & Yefremova, N. (2024). Research on the impact of international agreements and standards on national legal systems and legal order. Revista Amazonia Investiga, 13(74), 90-102. doi: 110.34069/ AI/2024.74.02.8.
[8] Beijing Arbitration Commission. (2025). Newly revamped and upgraded arbitration platform. Retrieved from https://www.bjac. org.cn/news/view?id=5081.
[9] Beisbekova, G., Konussova, V., Ismagulov, K., Saktaganova, I., & Mukasheva, A. (2019). Problems of concretisation of legal norms in Kazakhstan. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, 10(1), 52-57. doi: 110.14505//jarle.v10.1(39).07.
[10] Chao, W.-C. (2021). The political economy of Chinaʼs rising role in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO): Leading with balance. Chinese Economy, 55(4), 293-302. doi: 110.1080/10971475.2021.1972548.
[11] Chen, Y., Zhang, D., & Ji, Q. (2022). Impacts of regional cooperation agreements on international tourism: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment. International Review of Economics & Finance, 82, 663-676. doi: 110.1016/j.iref.2022.08.006.
[12] Chen, Z. (2020). Jurisdiction and choice of law in foreign-related tourist-consumer disputes in China under the One Belt One Road initiative – based on case analysis in the Chinese judiciary. In D. Wei, J.P. Nehf & C.L. Marques (Eds.), Innovation and the transformation of consumer law (pp. 191-226). Singapore: Springer. doi: 110.1007/978-981-15-8948-5_14.
[13] Consular Legalisation/Apostillisation. (2024). Retrieved from http://cs.mfa.gov.cn/wgrlh/lsrz/lsrzjjs/.
[14] Consumer Protection Laws and Regulations China 2024-2025. (2024). Retrieved from https://iclg.com/practice-areas/consumer-protection-laws-and-regulations/china.
[15] Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 240 “On Approval of the Consular Charter of the Republic of Kazakhstan”. (2016, April). Retrieved from https://adilet.zan.kz/eng/docs/U1600000240.
[16] Duan, J., Xie, C., & Morrison, A.M. (2022). Tourism crises and impacts on destinations: A systematic review of the tourism and hospitality literature. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 46(4), 667-695. doi: 110.1177/1096348021994194.
[17] Exit and Entry Administration Law of the Peopleʼs Republic of China. (2019, June). Retrieved from https://www.nia.gov.cn/n741440/n741547/c1013311/content.html.
[18] Global Code of Ethics for Tourism. (2002, December). Retrieved from https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/455432?ln=en&v=pdf.
[19] Go, H., & Kang, M. (2023). Metaverse tourism for sustainable tourism development: Tourism Agenda 2030. Tourism Review, 78(2), 381-394. doi: 110.1108/TR-02-2022-0102.
[20] Haibo, C., Ayamba, E.C., Udimal, T.B., Agyemang, A.O., & Ruth, A. (2020). Tourism and sustainable development in China: A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 39077-39093. doi: 110.1007/s11356-020-10016-7.
[21] Jin, Y., Xi, H., Wang, X., Ren, X., & Yuan, L. (2022). Evaluation of the integration policy in China: Does the integration of culture and tourism promote tourism development? Annals of Tourism Research, 97, article number 103491. doi: 110.1016/j. annals.2022.103491.
[22] Joint Declaration on New Stage of Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Between the Peopleʼs Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2015, August). Retrieved from https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng./zy/gb/202405/t20240531_11367302.html.
[23] Kalkabayev, A. (2024). The role of public and private structures in the formation of the organisational model of the management system in the tourism industry. Public Administration and Civil Service, 90(3), 47-61. doi: 110.52123/1994-2370-2024-1252.
[24] Kazakhstan welcomes 11.5 million tourists in 2024. (2024). Retrieved from https://caspianpost.com/kazakhstan/kazakhstan-welcomes-11-5-million-tourists-in-2024.
[25] Khalid, U., Okafor, L.E., & Burzynska, K. (2022). Do regional trade agreements enhance international tourism flows? Evidence from a cross-country analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 61(6), 1391-1408. doi: 110.1177/00472875211028321.
[26] Law of the Peopleʼs Republic of China No. 7 “On the Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests”. (2013, October). Retrieved from https://lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?id=15518&lib=law.
[27] Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 126 “On Insurance Activities”. (2000, December). Retrieved from https://adilet.zan.kz/eng/docs/Z000000126_.
[28] Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 211-II “On Tourism Activities in the Republic of Kazakhstan”. (2001, June). Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/document/?doc_id=1023618&pos=4;-106#pos=4;-106.
[29] Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 2337 “On the Legal Status of Foreigners”. (1995, June). Retrieved from https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/U950002337_.
[30] Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 274-IV “On Protection of Consumer Rights”. (2010, May). Retrieved from https://adilet.zan.kz/eng/docs/Z100000274_.
[31] Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 34-VII “On Introducing Amendments and Additions to Some Legislative Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the Issues of Tourism Activity”. (2021, April). Retrieved from https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=36134761&pos=1;-16#pos=1;-16.
[32] Lemishko, O., & Blyzniuk, V. (2024). Investment appeal and legislative constraints of green tourism in Ukraine. Law. Human. Environment, 15(3), 48-67. doi: 110.31548/law/3.2024.48.
[33] Lipkova, L., Madiyarova, A., & Blembayeva, A. (2020). Importance of state regulation of the tourism industry in the republic of Kazakhstan. E33 Web of Conferences, 159, article number 04007. doi: 110.1051/e3sconf/202015904007.
[34] Makenova, G., Tuleubayeva, M., Issayeva, A., & Daurenbekova, A. (2020). Analysis of the development of international tourism and its impact to tourism market: Evidence of Kazakhstan. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 11(8), 2053-2067.
[35] McBride, J., Berman, N., & Chatzky, A. (2023). Chinaʼs Massive Belt and Road Initiative. Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/ backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative.
[36] Memorandumof Understandingon Deepening Cooperationonthe China-EUTrans-Caspian Transport Lineswiththe Governmentof Kazakhstan. (2023, October). Retrieved from https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xw/zyxw/202405/t20240530_11332353.html.
[37] Ministry of Foreign Affairs the Peopleʼs Republic of China. (2019). List of deliverables of the second belt and road forum for international cooperation. Retrieved from https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng./zy/gb/202405/t20240531_11367382.html.
[38] Ministry of Foreign Affairs the Peopleʼs Republic of China. (2023). List of practical cooperation deliverables of the third belt and road forum for international cooperation. Retrieved from https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xw/zyxw/202405/ t20240530_11332353.html.
[39] Ministry of Tourism and Sports of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2024a). The results of the Year of Tourism of Kazakhstan in China are summed up: The flow of visitors from the PRC increased by almost 50%. Retrieved from https://www.gov.kz/ memleket/entities/tsm/press/news/details/891333?lang=ru.
[40] Ministry of Tourism and Sports of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2024b). The year of Kazakhstan tourism in China officially starts tomorrow. Retrieved from https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/tsm/press/news/details/735616?lang=kk.
[41] Mukasheva, A., & Ybyray, N. (2023). Legal regulation of tourism: Experience and prospects. Bulletin of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Law Series, 142(1), 35-48. doi: 110.32523/2616-6844-2023-142-1-35-48.
[42] Mussabayeva, A., Mutaliyeva, L., Abdramanova, G., Akhtayeva, B., Zhadigerov, B., Tercan, T., Uandykova, M., Mikhaylov, A., & Ivanyuk, V. (2024). Regulation mechanisms of smart tourism development in Kazakhstan. Journal of Infrastructure Policy and Development, 8(13), article number 8834. doi: 110.24294/jipd8834.
[43] National Immigration Administration. (2025). 610 million exit-entry trips recorded in 2024, marking a 43.9% YoY increase. Retrieved from https://en.nia.gov.cn/n147413/c179666/content.html.
[44] New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. (1958, June). Retrieved from https://www.newyorkconvention.org/english.
[45] Omirgazy, D. (2024). Kazakh tourism: Data shows 50% increase in visitors from China. Retrieved from https://astanatimes.com/2024/11/kazakh-tourism-data-shows-50-increase-in-visitors-from-china/.
[46] Purnomo, A.S., & Rofii, M.S. (2024). Global landscape on current immigration visa policy studies: A bibliometric analysis. In Proceedings of the 2nd Lawang 3ewu international symposium on humanities and social sciences 2023 (pp. 15-35). London: Atlantis Press. doi: 110.2991/978-2-38476-267-5_3.
[47] Rasoolimanesh, S.M., Wang, M., Roldan, J.L., & Kunasekaran, P. (2021). Are we in right path for mediation analysis? Reviewing the literature and proposing robust guidelines. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 48, 395-405. doi: 110.1016/j.jhtm.2021.07.013.
[48] Saha, S., Yap, G., & Kim, Y.R. (2022). Moderation effects of political instability and tourism on economic growth. Tourism Analysis, 27(2), 173-185. doi: 110.3727/108354221X16187814403092.
[49] Sakenova, S. (2025). Tourist numbers from China to Kazakhstan surge 78% in 2024. Retrieved from https://astanatimes.com/2025/02/tourist-numbers-from-china-to-kazakhstan-surge-78-in-2024/.
[50] Shaimenova, A., Ilyassova, G., Klyuyeva, Y., & Khashimova, A. (2020). Development of the institution of arbitration in Kazakhstan: Problems of theory and practice. Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics, 11(1), 169-186. doi: 110.14505//jarle. v11.1(47).21.
[51] Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. (2024a). 3CO secretary general holds press briefing regarding Astana 3ummit. Retrieved from https://eng.sectsco.org/20240710/1446562.html.
[52] Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. (2024b). Meeting of 3CO countriesʼ tourism administrations heads. Retrieved from https:// eng.sectsco.org/20240529/1368222.html.
[53] Shepherd, J. (2024). Tourism in Oppressed Destinations: Political responsibility and the prospect of oppression offsetting. Annals of Tourism Research, 108, article number 103810. doi: 110.1016/j.annals.2024.103810.
[54] Shi, Q., Liang, Z., Yang, Q., Dooranov, A., & Liang, L. (2024). Sustainable development and global tourism governance in China and other countries: A review of research. Journal of Environmental Law & Policy, 4(2), 118-148. doi: 110.33002/jelp040205.
[55] Shilibekova, B., Plokhikh, R., & Dávid, L.D. (2024). On the path to tourism digitalisation: The digital ecosystem by the example of Kazakhstan. Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites, 57(4), 2060-2070. doi: 110.30892/gtg.574spl20-1373.
[56] Shtal, T., Davydova, O., Sysoieva, S., Logvinkov, S., & Zhukov, V. (2024). Innovative risk management in the hotel and restaurant business: Scientific and practical aspect. 3cientific Bulletin of Mukachevo 3tate University. 3eries Economics, 11(2), 116-125. doi: 110.52566/msu-econ2.2024.116
[57] Shtal, T., Ptashchenko, O., Rodionov, S., & Kurtsev, O. (2023). Implementation of modern marketing tools in entrepreneurial activity. Economics of Development, 22(4), 53-63. doi: 110.57111/econ/4.2023.53.
[58] State Council of the Peopleʼs Republic of China. (2024). China, Central Asia reap remarkable benefits from win-win cooperation. Retrieved from https://english.www.gov.cn/news/202405/21/content_WS664bfcf3c6d0868f4e8e74c5.html.
[59] Sultanova, A., & Ilyassova, G. (2022). The consumer protection approach in Kazakhstan: Obstacles and prospects for introduction of European legislative practices. European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance, 10(1), 117-146. doi: 110.1163/22134514-bja10046.
[60] Tleuberdinova, A., Salauatova, D., & Pratt, S. (2022). Assessing tourism destination competitiveness: The case of Kazakhstan. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 16(2), 265-283. doi: 110.1080/19407963.2022.2027954.
[61] Tourism Law of the Peopleʼs Republic of China. (2017, June). Retrieved from https://surl.li/dpvouo.
[62] Turysbek, A., Issayeva, A., & Abubakirova, G. (2025). Legal foundations for the development of tourism in Kazakhstan in national and international dimensions. Bulletin of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Law Series, 150(1), 61-76. doi: 10.32523/2616-6844-2025-150-1-61-76.
[63] Uyar, H. (2022). The future of post-pandemic tourism and hospitality industry: A comprehensive assessment. In A. Hassan, A. Sharma, J. Kennell & P. Mohanty (Eds.), Tourism and hospitality in Asia: Crisis, resilience and recovery (pp. 299-308). Singapore: Springer. doi: 110.1007/978-981-19-5763-5_19.
[64] Vaccaro-Incisa, G.M. (2021). Chinaʼs treaty policy and practice in international investment law and arbitration. Leiden: Brill. doi: 110.1163/9789004443938.
[65] Vasvári, M., Gergely, L., & Dávid, L.D. (2025). Tourism as a catalyst for resilience: Insights from a literature review on crisis adaptation and regional development. Ecocycles, 11(1), 31-45. doi: 110.19040/ecocycles.v11i1.479.
[66] Vogler, R. (2023). Legality of political and ethical consumerism in tourism. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 71(2), 349-366. doi: 110.37741/t.71.2.8.
[67] Yu, M. (2023). 2023 guide to enforce Kazakhstani judgments in China-CTD 101 series. Retrieved from https://www.chinajusticeobserver.com/a/2023-guide-to-enforce-kazakhstani-judgments-in-china.
[68] Zhamiyeva, R., Sultanbekova, G., Balgimbekova, G., Mussin, K., Abzalbekova, M., & Kozhanov, M. (2022). Problems of the effectiveness of the implementation of international agreements in the field of waste management: The study of the experience of Kazakhstan in the context of the applicability of European legal practices. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 22, 177-199. doi: 110.1007/s10784-021-09549-0.
[69] Zhanibekov, Ye. (2024). Expansion of visa-free opportunities: What is the strength of the Kazakh passport? Retrieved from https:// en.inform.kz/news/expansion-of-visa-free-opportunities-what-is-the-strength-of-the-kazakh-passport-a655a7/.
[70] Zhu, J., Siriphon, A., Airey, D., & Mei-lan, J. (2021). Chinese tourism diplomacy: A Chinese-style modernity review. Anatolia, 33(4), 550-563. doi: 110.1080/13032917.2021.1978515.
[71] Zhylko, O., & Mamotenko, D. (2023). Insurance in modern international tourism business. Management and Business, 1(2), 258- 268.
[72] Zijun, D. (2024). Chinese tourists ʼof utmost importanceʼ to Kazakhstan, more collaboration in energy, industry, agriculture underway: Kazakh Deputy FM. Retrieved from https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202403/1309106.shtml.