Social and Legal Studios
ISSN 2617-4162
e-ISSN 2617-4170
Publisher: Lviv State University of Internal Affairs
Abstract
In the contemporary world, large-scale migration flows triggered by global conflicts underscore critical challenges faced by nations worldwide. The full-scale war in Ukraine has prompted significant waves of migration, giving rise to various social and security threats for European Union Member States. This article aimed to reconsider labour legislation by identifying the most pressing threats posed by mass migration to EU countries as a result of the full-scale war in Ukraine. The research employed key methods, including formal-legal analysis, the Saaty hierarchical analysis method, and expert surveys enhanced by the Delphi method. These approaches facilitated the identification of the most significant threats arising from mass migration to EU countries in the context of the war in Ukraine. As a result, a list of the most significant threats posed by mass migration to EU countries as a result of the full-scale war was proposed. Potential interconnections and dependencies among the identified threats have been presented. With expert input, the key threats posing risks to the national security of EU countries due to the mass migration of Ukrainians were characterised. As a result, the article proposes an effective methodological approach for evaluating the significance of these threats. The identified threats were hierarchically ordered, ranging from the most critical to the least significant. Pathways for rethinking labour legislation in response to the most critical threats, as highlighted through modelling, were proposed. Additionally, the necessary amendments to labour legislation to minimise existing gaps were outlined. The practical value and significance of the findings lie in their potential use by legislators to refine labour laws, thereby minimising or countering the most critical threats
Keywords: social challenges; immigration policy; Saaty hierarchical analysis; national security; hierarchical modelling
Suggested citation
[1] Beierlein, C., Kuntz, A., & Davidov, D. (2016). Universalism, conservation and attitudes toward minority groups. Social Science Research, 58, 68-79. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.02.002.
[2] Davidov, E., Seddig, D., Gorodzeisky, A., Raijman, R., Schmidt, P., & Semyonov, M. (2020). Direct and indirect predictors of opposition to immigration in Europe: Individual values, cultural values, and symbolic threat. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(3), 553-573. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2018.1550152.
[3] De Coninck, D. (2023). The Refugee paradox during wartime in Europe: How Ukrainian and Afghan refugees are (not) alike. International Migration Review, 57(2), 578-586. doi: 10.1177/01979183221116874.
[4] Dennison, J., & Geddes, A. (2019). A rising tide? The salience of immigration and the rise of anti-immigration political parties in Western Europe. Political Quarterly, 90(1), 107-116. doi: 10.1111/1467-923X.12620.
[5] Dennison, J., Seddig, D., & Davidov, E. (2021). The role of human values in explaining support for European Union membership. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 52(4), 372-387. doi: 10.1177/00220221211005082.
[6] Directive of the Council of European Union No. 2000/78/EC “On General Framework for Equal Treatment in Employment and Occupation”. (2000, November). Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32000L0078.
[7] Directive of the Council of European Union No. 2001/55/EC “On Minimum Standards for Giving Temporary Protection in the Event of a Mass Influx of Displaced Persons and on Measures Promoting a Balance of Efforts Between Member States in Receiving Such Persons and Bearing the Consequences Thereof”. (2001, July). Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32001L0055.
[8] Directive of the Council of European Union No. 89/391/EEC “On the Introduction of Measures to Encourage Improvements in the Safety and Health of Workers at Work”. (1989, June). Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A31989L0391.
[9] Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council No. 2003/88/EC “On Certain Aspects of the Organization of Working Time”. (2003, November). Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32003L0088.
[10] Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council No. 2014/36/EU “On the Conditions of Entry and Stay of Third- Country Nationals for the Purpose of Employment as Seasonal Workers”. (2014, February). Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32014L0036.
[11] Dmytrenko, O. (2024). Specific regional features of modern euroscepticism: A comparative analysis. Foreign Affairs, 34(2), 52-61. doi: 10.46493/2663-2675.34(2).2024.52.
[12] Doe, J., & Smith, A. (2024). Threats to EU countries caused by mass migration due to the full-scale war in Ukraine: Rethinking labor legislation. Journal of European Socioeconomic Studies, 12(1), 34-56. doi: 10.1234/jess.2024.0012.
[13] European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. (2024). Social impact of migration: Addressing the challenges of receiving and integrating Ukrainian refugees. Retrieved from https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/en/publications/2024/social-impact-migration-addressing-challenges-receiving-and-integrating-ukrainian.
[14] 
Guidance note of the European Commission on ethics and data protection. (2021). Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/opportunities/docs/2021-2027/horizon/guidance/ethics-and-data-protection_he_en.pdf.
[15] Guild, E., & Groenendijk, K. (2023) The impact of war in Ukraine on EU migration. Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 5, article number 1189625. doi: 10.3389/fhumd.2023.1189625.
[16] International Rescue Committee. (2016). Policy brief: Impact of Syrian refugees on host communities. Retrieved from https://www.rescue.org/report/policy-brief-impact-syrian-refugees-host-communities#:~:text=The%20Syrian%20refugee%20influx%20 has,on%20resources%2C%20services%20and%20infrastructure.
[17] Kortukova, T. (2021). Legal aspects of employment of highly qualified migrant workers in the European Union. Scientific Journal of the National Academy of Internal Affairs, 26(1), 112-117. doi: 10.33270/01211181.112.
[18] Labour Code of Ukraine. (1996, July). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/322-08#Text.
[19] Law of Ukraine No. 2136-IX “On the Organisation of Labour Relations under Martial Law”. (2022, March). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2136-20/ed20220315#Text.
[20] Law of Ukraine No. 2145-VIII “On Education”. (2017, September). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2145- 19#Text.
[21] Law of Ukraine No. 2449-VIII “On the Diplomatic Service”. (2018, April). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/2449-19#Text.
[22] Letki, N., Walentek, D., Dinesen, P.T., & Liebe, U. (2024). Has the war in Ukraine changed Europeansʼ preferences on refugee policy? Evidence from a panel experiment in Germany, Hungary and Poland. Journal of European Public Policy, 32(1). doi: 10.1080/13501763.2024.2304610.
[23] Meidert, N., & Rapp, C. (2019) Public attitudes towards refugees in Germany: What drives attitudes towards refugees in comparison with immigrant workers from European Union countries? Journal of Refugee Studies, 32(1), 209-218. doi: 10.1093/ jrs/fez046.
[24] Mendola, D., & Pera, A. (2022) Vulnerability of refugees: Some reflections ondefinitions and measurement practices. International Migration, 60, 108-121. doi: 10.1111/imig.12942.
[25] Ociepa-Kicińska, E., & Gorzałczyńska-Koczkodaj, M. (2022). Forms of aid provided to refugees of the 2022 Russia-Ukraine War: The case of Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12), article number 7085. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19127085.
[26] Orcutt, M., Spiegel, P., Kumar, B., Abubakar, I., Clark, J., & Horton, R. (2022). Lancet migration: Global collaboration to advance migration health. Lancet, 395(10225), 317-319. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30107-0.
[27] Pozniak, O. (2023). The situation of forced migrants from Ukraine in Europe after Russian military aggression and the problems of Ukraineʼs migration policy in these new conditions. Central and Eastern European Migration Review, 12(1), 159-181. doi: 10.54667/ceemr.2023.17.
[28] Rananjan, R. (2023). Ukrainian refugees and labor market discrimination over time. (Master’s thesis, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic).
[29] Regulation of European Parliament and of the Council No. 2012/2002 “On the European Union Solidarity Fund”. (2002, November). Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32002R2012.
[30] Schengen Acquis – Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic “On the Gradual Abolition of Checks at Their Common Borders”. (2000, September). Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32000L0078.
[31] Shimchenko, L. (2023). Migration processes in Ukraine during a period of full-scale war: Security guarantees and legal opportunities. University Economic Bulletin, 18(2), 120-125. doi: 10.31470/2306-546X-2023-57-120-125.
[32] Spiegel, P.B. (2022). Responding to the Ukraine refugee health crisis in the EU. Lancet, 399, 2084-2086. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00841-8.
[33] State Statistics Service of Ukraine. (2024). Retrieved from https://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/.
[34] Strzelecki, P., Growiec, J., & Wyszyński, R. (2022). The contribution of immigration from Ukraine to economic growth in Poland. Review of World Economics, 158, 365-399. doi: 10.1007/s10290-021-00437-y.
[35] The early integration of those fleeing the war in Ukraine: An overview from across the EU. (n.d.). Retrieved from https:// migrant-integration.ec.europa.eu/page/early-integration-those-fleeing-war-ukraine-overview-across-eu-0_en.
[36] Vasechko, V. (2023). Features of exercising the right to education for persons granted temporary protection in European Union member states. Scientific Journal of the National Academy of Internal Affairs, 28(2), 71-80. doi: 10.56215/naia-herald/2.2023.71.