VinFunPark
VinFunPark
ISSN 2617-4162 e-ISSN 2617-4170

Social and Legal Studios

Current

Social and Legal Studios

Vol. 9, No. 1, 2026

Social and Legal Studios

ISSN 2617-4162

e-ISSN 2617-4170

Publisher: Lviv State University of Internal Affairs

Received 12.06.2023, Revised 21.08.2023, Accepted 27.09.2023
Article

Development dilemma and solutions to online civil litigation in China: Kyrgyzstan experience


Abstract

The research relevance is determined by the need to review the regulatory aspects of the digitalisation of civil litigation in the Kyrgyz Republic, given the complex set of problems that exist in this area. The main objective of the study is to analyse the digital civil litigation in China with the prospect of extracting positive experience for possible implementation in Kyrgyzstan. The methods of statistical analysis, analogy, generalisation, as well as formal-legal and formal-logical approaches are used in the study. As a result of the analysis of the peculiarities of legal regulation of online civil proceedings in China, modern mechanisms of this regulation are found to contribute to maintaining stability and improving the efficiency of the judicial system. The scientific research confirms the fundamental concept that the integration of information technologies into the processes of legal proceedings does not affect the fundamental concepts of the theory of judicial evidence. Nevertheless, the analysis also identified significant risks associated with this process, such as an increase in the number of court cases, potential distortion of the nature of judicial activity, and other aspects. This study provides a conceptual approach to facilitating access to justice through the digital transformation of court procedures. This approach includes the use of information and telecommunication technologies and remote alternative dispute resolution methods such as online mediation and online dispute resolution systems. Special attention is paid to the need to consider the interests of all parties when introducing artificial intelligence into the judicial system. The study of different points of view allows for a deeper understanding of the complexity of this process and identifies possible ways to improve civil litigation in the context of digitalisation in Kyrgyzstan. The findings of the study are of potential value for the implementation of China's positive experience in the context of the digitalisation of civil litigation in Kyrgyzstan.


Keywords: e-process; legislation; digitalisation; artificial intelligence; digitalisation


Suggested citation

Zhang, Q., Dzhumaliev, D., & Qi, Q. (2023). Development dilemma and solutions to online civil litigation in China: Kyrgyzstan experience. Social and Legal Studios, 6(3), 209-221. https://doi.org/10.32518/sals3.2023.209
References

[1] “Roadmap” for implementation of the digital transformation concept “Digital Kyrgyzstan 2019-2023”. (2023). Retrieved from https://www.gov.kg/ru/programs/12.

[2] A brief introduction of China International Commercial Court. (2018). Retrieved from https://cicc.court.gov.cn/html/1/219/193/195/index.html.

[3] Administrative Procedure Code of the Kyrgyz Republic. (2017, January). Retrieved from https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=94228.

[4] AIS of the Court – Automated Information System of the KR District Court. (2016). Retrieved from https://cbi.kg/proekty/ais-suda--avtomatizirovannaja-informacionnaja-sistema-rajonnogo-suda-kr.html.

[5] Chinese Courts and Internet Judiciary. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.chinajusticeobserver.com/law/x/chinese-courts-and-internet-judiciary.

[6] Chinese courts use blockchain electronic locks to seal properties for evidence. (2020). Retrieved from https://www.ledgerinsights.com/china-courts-blockchain-evidence-electronic-locks-seal/.

[7] Civil Code of the Kyrgyz Republic. (1996, May). Retrieved from https://www.libertas-institut.com/de/Mittel-Osteuropa/Civil%20Code%20part%20I.pdf.

[8] Code of Civil Procedure of the Kyrgyz Republic. (2017, January). Retrieved from https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=94089.

[9] Decree of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic No. 179 “Instruction on the Procedure for Notarial Acts Performed by Notaries of the Kyrgyz Republic”. (2011, April). Retrieved from http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/95038.

[10] Decree of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic No. 221 “On the National Development Strategy of the Kyrgyz Republic for 2018-2040”. (2018, October). Retrieved from http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/430002.

[11] Du, G., & Yu, M. (2019). A close look at Hangzhou Internet Court: Inside China’s Internet Courts Series-06. Retrieved from https://www.chinajusticeobserver.com/a/a-close-look-at-hangzhou-internet-court.

[12] Fan, H., & Lee, F.L.F. (2021). Judicial visibility under responsive authoritarianism: A study of the live broadcasting of court trials in China. Media, Culture & Society, 41(8), 1088-1106. doi: 10.1177/0163443718807377.

[13] Fibinger-Jasińska, J. (2022). Implementation of the right to court and conducting remote hearings in civil proceedings. Scientific Journal of Bielsko-Biala School of Finance and Law, 26(4), 118-121. doi: 10.19192/wsfip.sj4.2022.18.

[14] Gander, K. (2015). Neil Moore: Con artist jailed for escaping from prison by sending staff a fake email. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/neil-moore-con-artist-jailed-for-escaping-from-prison-by-sending-staff-a-fake-email-10191080.html.

[15] García-Alberti, M., Suárez, F., Chiyón, I., & Mosquera Feijoo, J.C. (2021). Challenges and experiences of online evaluation in courses of civil engineering during the lockdown learning due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Education Sciences, 11(2), article number 59. doi: 10.3390/educsci11020059.

[16] Giacalone, M., & Salehi, S. (2022). Small claims and the pursuit of (digital) justice: A tiered online dispute resolution perspective. Revista Ítalo-Española de Derecho Procesal, 1, 181-213. doi: 10.37417/rivitsproc/859.

[17] Gras, I.O. (2021). Online courts: Bridging the gap between access and justice. Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, 10(1), 24-51. doi: 10.14324/111.444.2052-1871.1214.

[18] Grieshofer, T. (2023). Court forms as part of online courts: Elicitation and communication in the early stages of legal proceedings. International Journal for the Semiotics of Law, 36(4), 1843-1881. doi: 10.1007/s11196-023-09993-y.

[19] Hamad, T.S., & Al-Sarraf, T.M.F. (2023). The role of electronic notification in accelerating the litigation proceedings in civil lawsuits: A comparative study. Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 11(4), article number e584. doi: 10.55908/sdgs.v11i4.584.

[20] Ibiraiym kyzy, A., Akmatov, D.A., & Duishenaliev, Zh.S. (2021). E-learning in the education system of KyrgyzstanScience, New Technologies and Innovations in Kyrgyzstan, 3, 234-237.

[21] Instructions on the use of the System of audio and video recording of court hearings and provision of materials of audio and video recording of court hearings to trial participants and their representatives. (2018, December). Retrieved from http://suddep.sot.kg/post/instruktsiya-po-ispolzovaniyu-sistemy-audio-videofiksatsii-sudebnyh-zasedanij-i-predostavleniyu-materialov-audio-videofiksatsii-sudebnyh-zasedanij-uchastnikam-protsessa-i-ih-predstavitelyam.

[22] Kaczmarek-Templin, B. (2023). The smart contract – problems with taking evidence in Polish civil proceedings in the light of European regulations. Bratislava Law Review, 7(1), 65-76. doi: 10.46282/blr.2023.7.1.308.

[23] Karypov, B. (2020). Informatization and digitalization of law-making activity in the Kyrgyz Republic. Bulletin of Science and Practice, 6(8), 210-215. doi: 10.33619/2414-2948/57/21.

[24] Kuldysheva, G., Minbaev, S., Paraidinuulu, S., Mirzaeva, A., Atantaev, A., Rustam, M., Amanbek, K., Abdullaeva, Z., & Toktobaeva, E. (2021). Kyrgyz customary law development. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 9, 321-327. doi: 10.4236/jss.2021.91023.

[25] Law of the Kyrgyz Republic No. 153 “On State Registration of Rights to Immovable Property and Transactions Therewith”. (1998, December). Retrieved from https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/kyr92717.pdf.

[26] Law of the Kyrgyz Republic No. 70 “About Notariate”. (1998, May). Retrieved from https://cis-legislation.com/document.fwx?rgn=28.

[27] Law of the Supreme People’s Court No. 49 “On Regarding Strengthening and Standardizing During the Prevention and Control of the New Coronavirus Epidemic”. (2020, February). Retrieved from https://www.chinacourt.org/law/detail/2020/02/id/150105.shtml.

[28] Nhung, N.T.H., Hai, H.T.N., & Sang, L.M. (2021). E-Court in resolving civil cases – foreign experiences and recommendations for Vietnam. VNUHCM Journal of Economics, Business and Law, 5(3), 1733-1740. doi: 10.32508/stdjelm.v5i3.804.

[29] Norkus, R. (2015). The filtering of appeals to the Supreme Courts. Retrieved from https://www.lat.lt/data/public/uploads/2018/01/introductory-report-the-filtering-of-appeals-to-supreme-courts-president-rimvydas-norkus.pdf.

[30] Online Litigation Rules of the People’s Courts. (2021, May). Retrieved from https://cicc.court.gov.cn/html/1/219/199/201/2208.html.

[31] Order of the Supreme Court of the Kyrgyz Republic “On Approval of the Regulations on the Use of Videoconferencing in the Courts of the Kyrgyz Republic”. (2020, July). Retrieved from http://admin-suddep.sot.kg/public/2021/03/Prikaz_138_ot_30_07_20g_Ob_utverzhdenii_Reglamenta_ispolzovaniya.pdf.

[32] Sari, M.I. (2021). Legal aspect of online arbitration in European Union and China. Law Review, XIX(2), 222-245. doi: 10.19166/lr.v0i2.1882.

[33] Semenov, N.S. (2022). Legal problems of establishing information relations in the electronic justice of the Kyrgyz Republic. Herald of KRSU, 22(3), 104-110. doi: 10.36979/1694-500X-2022-22-3-104-110.

[34] Shi, C., Sourdin, T., & Li, B. (2021). The smart court – a new pathway to justice in China? International Journal for Court Administration, 12(1), 4. doi: 10.36745/ijca.367.

[35] Stern, R., Liebman, B., Roberts, M., & Wang, A. (2021). Automating fairness? Artificial intelligence in the Chinese Court. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 59, 515-553. Retrieved from https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2940.

[36] Supporting digitalisation in Kyrgyzstan. (2021). Retrieved from https://ega.ee/ru/project/podderzhka-tsifrovizatsii-kyrgyzstan/.

[37] Supreme People’s Court. (2022a). Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on strengthening blockchain application in the judicial field. Retrieved from https://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/supremepeoplescourt/2022-05/25/c_761407.htm.

[38] Supreme People’s Court. (2022b). Work Report of the Supreme People’s Court of the People’s Republic of China. Retrieved from https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/supremepeoplescourt/pdf/WorkReportoftheSupremePeoplesCourtofthePeoplesRepublicofChina.docx.

[39] Susskind, R. (2019). Online courts and the future of justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oso/9780198838364.001.0001.

[40] Toqmadi, M., & Zakharchenko, N. (2021). I agree to terms and conditions: Negotiating privacy online in Central Asia. JeDEM – EJournal of EDemocracy and Open Government, 13(1), 71-100. doi: 10.29379/jedem.v13i1.633.

[41] Tuibaev, R.J., & Egeshova, A.K. (2021). Problems of improving civil proceedings in the Kyrgyz Republic. Izvestiya Vysshih Uchebnyh Zavedeniy Kyrgyzstana, 2, 143-146. Retrieved from http://www.science-journal.kg/ru/journal/2/archive/14326.

[42] Wang, N., & Tian, M.Y. (2023). “Intelligent justice”: Human‑centered considerations in China’s legal AI transformation. AI and Ethics, 3, 349-354. doi: 10.1007/s43681-022-00202-3.

[43] Zheng, G.G. (2020). China’s grand design of People’s Smart Courts. Asian Journal of Law and Society, 7(3), 561-582. doi: 10.1017/als.2020.20.