Social and Legal Studios

[1] A way to combat corruption in law enforcement agencies in Kazakhstan has been found. (2024). Retrieved from https://www.zakon.kz/sobytiia/6450017-nayden-sposob-borby-s-korruptsiey-v-pravookhranitelnykh-organakh-kazakhstana.html.

[2] Anti-Fraud Center results: Suspicious transactions worth over 1.4 billion tenge blocked. (2025). Retrieved from https://nationalbank.kz/kz/news/informacionnye-soobshcheniya/17388.

[3] Azanbay, K. (2024). Innovative technologies as a factor of information security of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Information Systems Engineering, 29(2), 523-532. doi: 10.18280/isi.290213.

[4] Bishmanov, K., Muratzhan, Z., Dilbarkhanova, Z., & Lyutsik, V. (2024). Analysis of modern types of cyberterrorism and methods of countering them. IDP Internet Journal Law and Politics, 41. doi: 10.7238/idp.v0i41.428542.

[5] Bolatbek, M., Baispay, G., Mussiraliyeva, S., & Usmanova, A. (2024). A framework for detection and mitigation of cyber criminal activities using university networks in Kazakhstan. Radioelectronic and Computer Systems, 2, 186-202. doi: 10.32620/ reks.2024.2.15.

[6] Calif, S. (2023). 2023 Cybersecurity Almanac: 100 facts, figures, predictions, and statistics. Retrieved from https://cybersecurityventures.com/cybersecurity-almanac-2023/.

[7] Capacity building on Combating Cybercrime in Central Asia. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.osce.org/project/capacity-building-on-combating-cybercrime-in-central-asia.

[8] CEPOL Knowledge Centres. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://cepol.europa.eu/training-education/cepol-knowledge-centres.

[9] Cetindamar, D., Abedin, B., & Shirahada, K. (2021). The role of employees in digital transformation: A preliminary study on how employees’ digital literacy impacts use of digital technologies. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 71, 7837- 7848. doi: 10.1109/tem.2021.3087724.

[10] Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986. (1986, October). Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/99/statute/STATUTE-100/STATUTE-100-Pg1213.pdf.

[11] Concluding event of the OSCE regional project on combating cybercrime in Central Asia. (2024). Retrieved from https://www.osce.org/secretariat/570738.

[12] Convention on Cybercrime. (2001, November). Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/1680081561.

[13] CPJ urges Kazakh authorities to investigate cyberattacks on media. (2024). Retrieved from https://cpj.org/2024/02/cpj-urges-kazakh-authorities-to-investigate-cyberattacks-on-media/.

[14] Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2014, July). Retrieved from https://adilet.zan.kz/eng/docs/ K1400000231.

[15] Critical Infrastructure Partnership Advisory Council (CIPAC). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cisa.gov/resources-tools/groups/critical-infrastructure-partnership-advisory-council-cipac.

[16] Cybersecurity predictions for 2024. (2023). Retrieved from https://corewin.ua/news-ru/cybersecurity-forecasts-2024/.

[17] Cybersecurity threats to Kazakhstan. (2024). Retrieved from https://e-cis.info/news/566/115478/.

[18] Damage from internet fraud cases in Kazakhstan has grown to 7 billion tenge. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://finprom.kz/ru/article/usherb-ot-sluchaev-internet-moshennichestva-v-kazahstane-vyros-do-7-milliardov-tenge.

[19] Datami Newsroom. (2024). What is threat analysis in cybersecurity? Retrieved from https://datami.ee/blog/shho-take-analiz-zagroz-v-kiberbezpetsi/.

[20] Dimitriadis, A., Ivezic, N., Kulvatunyou, B., & Mavridis, I. (2020). D4I – digital forensics framework for reviewing and investigating cyber attacks. Array, 5, article number 100015. doi: 10.1016/j.array.2019.100015.

[21] Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council No. 2013/40/EU “On Attacks Against Information Systems and Replacing Council Framework Decision 2005/222/JHA”. (2013, August). Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/ dir/2013/40/oj.

[22] Djenna, A., Harous, S., & Saidouni, D.E. (2021). Internet of things meet Internet of threats: New concern cyber security issues of critical cyber infrastructure. Applied Sciences, 11(10), article number 4580. doi: 10.3390/app11104580.

[23] ERMProtect Staff. (n.d.). 5 notable digital and crypto forensics investigations of 2022. Retrieved from https://ermprotect.com/ blog/5-notable-digital-and-crypto-forensics-investigations-of-2022/.

[24] Galushko, M. (2022). Industrial sectors were subject to the largest number of cyber attacks in Kazakhstan. Retrieved from https://inbusiness.kz/ru/news/naibolshemu-kolichestvu-kiberatak-v-kazahstane-podverglis-promyshlennye-sektora.

[25] Hiller, J., Kisska‐Schulze, K., & Shackelford, S. (2024). Cybersecurity carrots and sticks. American Business Law Journal, 61(1), 5-29. doi: 10.1111/ablj.12238.

[26] How digital forensics solved famous cybercrime cases? Real-life cases solved using digital evidence. (2025). Retrieved from https://www.webasha.com/blog/how-digital-forensics-solved-famous-cybercrime-cases-real-life-cases-solved-using-digital- evidence.

[27] Incident overview for Q1 2024. (2024). Retrieved from https://cert.gov.kz/news/11/2641.

[28] International Monetary Fund, & Monetary and Capital Markets Department. (2024). Cyber risk: A growing concern for macrofinancial stability. In Global financial stability report: The last mile: Financial vulnerabilities and risks (pp. 53-76).Washington: International Monetary Fund.

[29] INTERPOL. (2022). Financial and cybercrimes top global police concerns, says new INTERPOL report. Retrieved from https://www.interpol.int/News-and-Events/News/2022/Financial-and-cybercrimes-top-global-police-concerns-says-new-INTERPOL-report.

[30] Ishekenova, B. (2023). Kazakhstani companies lose millions due to hacker attacks. Retrieved from https://lsm.kz/kazahstanskie-kompanii-teryayut-milliony-iz-za-hakerskih-atak.

[31] Jekebayeva, M., Iztaeva, V., Anassova, K., & Manapbayev, N. (2023). Cybersecurity: Importance for Kazakhstan and international experiences. Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL Series “International Relations and Regional Studies”, 54(4). doi: 10.48371/ ismo.2023.54.4.005.

[32] Jilkishiyev, R., & Begaliyev, Y. (2024). Problems of investigation of crimes in the field of information technology. Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 16(3), 97-114. doi: 10.62271/pjc.16.3.97.114.

[33] Kadena, E., & Gupi, M. (2021). Human factors in cybersecurity. Security Science Journal, 2(2), 51-64. doi: 10.62271/ pjc.16.3.97.114.

[34] Karafili, E., Wang, L., & Lupu, E.C. (2020). An Argumentation-Based Reasoner to assist digital investigation and attribution of cyber-attacks. Forensic Science International Digital Investigation, 32, article number 300925. doi: 10.1016/j.fsidi.2020.300925.

[35] Kassymzhanova, A.A., Usseinova, G.R., Baimakhanova, D.M., Ibrayeva, A.S., & Ibrayev, N.S. (2022). Legal framework for external security of the Republic of Kazakhstan. International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics, 14(2), 209-222. doi: 10.1504/IJESDF.2022.121180.

[36] Kazakhtelecom announced DDoS attacks from abroad on Kazakhstan’s information resources. (2022). Retrieved from https://zonakz.net/2022/09/26/kazaxtelekom-zayavil-o-ddos-atakax-iz-za-rubezha-na-informresursy-kazaxstana/.

[37] Kobets, M. (2023). Extraction of information from a cellular phone (mobile communication device) during investigative (search) actions. Scientific Journal of the National Academy of Internal Affairs, 28(2), 52-60. doi: 10.56215/naia-herald/2.2023.52.

[38] Kuek, A., & Hakkennes, S. (2020). Healthcare staff digital literacy levels and their attitudes towards information systems. Health Informatics Journal, 26(1), 592-612. doi: 10.1177/1460458219839613.

[39] KZ-CERT. (n.d). Incidents statistics. Retrieved from https://cert.gov.kz/press_club/infographics.

[40] KZ-CERT. National computer emergency response team. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://cert.gov.kz/.

[41] KZ-FinCERT. team information. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.first.org/members/teams/kz-fincert.

[42] Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 418-V “On Informatization”. (2015, November). Retrieved from https://adilet.zan.kz/ eng/docs/Z1500000418.

[43] Lehto, M. (2022). Cyber-attacks against critical infrastructure. In M. Lehto & P. Neittaanmäki (Eds.), Cyber security: Critical infrastructure protection (pp. 3-42). Cham: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-91293-2_1.

[44] Leyden, J. (2023). Bug Bounty Radar // The latest bug bounty programs for March 2023. Retrieved from https://portswigger.net/daily-swig/bug-bounty-radar-the-latest-bug-bounty-programs-for-march-2023.

[45] Li, Y., & Liu, Q. (2021). A comprehensive review study of cyber-attacks and cyber security; Emerging trends and recent developments. Energy Reports, 7, 8176-8186. doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.126.

[46] Llazo, E., Ryspaeva, A., Kubiczek, J., Mehdiyev, V., & Ketners, K. (2024). Trends and prospects of financial system development in the context of digitalization. Theoretical and Practical Research in the Economic Fields, 15(4), 783-797. doi: 10.14505/tpref. v15.4(32).01.

[47] Lysenko, S., Bobro, N., Korsunova, K., Vasylchyshyn, O., & Tatarchenko, Y. (2024). The role of artificial intelligence in cybersecurity: Automation of protection and detection of threats. Economic Affairs, 69, 43-51. doi: 10.46852/0424- 2513.1.2024.6.

[48] Mazur, T., & Flogaitis, S. (2023). Electronic parliament as a factor of sustainable development: History and prospects. Law Journal of the National Academy of Internal Affairs, 13(2), 19-29. doi: 10.56215/naia-chasopis/2.2023.19.

[49] Metelskyi, I., & Kravchuk, M. (2023). Features of cybercrime and its prevalence in Ukraine. Law, Policy and Security, 1(1), 18-25.

[50] Mitsarakis, K. (2023). Contemporary cyber threats to critical infrastructures: Management and counter-measures. Thessaloniki: International Hellenic University.

[51] Naprys, E. (2024). Germany plans to decriminalize whitehat hacking. Retrieved from https://cybernews.com/security/germany- plans-to-decriminalize-whitehat-hacking/.

[52] Naseer, I. (2024). The role of artificial intelligence in detecting and preventing cyber and phishing attacks. European Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 11(9), 82-86.

[53] New types of fraud have emerged in Kazakhstan. (2024). Retrieved from https://dknews.kz/ru/finansy/348558-v-kazahstane- poyavilis-novye-vidy-moshennichestva.

[54] Nurbatyrova, R., Japarov, B., Apakhayev, N., Abdulaziz, B., & Khushkeldiyeva, S. (2024). Digital transformation of archives in the context of the introduction of an electronic document management system in Kazakhstan. Preservation, Digital Technology and Culture, 53(3), 147-155. doi: 10.1515/pdtc-2024-0017.

[55] Ofori, A.Y., & Akoto, D. (2020). Digital forensics investigation jurisprudence: Issues of admissibility of digital evidence. HSOA Journal of Forensic, Legal & Investigative Sciences, 6, article number 045. doi: 10.24966/FLIS-733X/100045.

[56] Only 5% of cybercrime cases reach court in Kazakhstan. (2023). Retrieved from https://surl.gd/mqento.

[57] Order of the Minister of Digital Development, Innovation and Aerospace Industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 175/НК “On Determining the Amount of Payment for Services of State Registration of Civil Status Acts”. (2023, June). Retrieved from https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V2300032755.

[58] OSCE trains Central Asian law enforcement experts to combat cybercrime through open source digital forensics. (2022). Retrieved from https://www.osce.org/secretariat/518697.

[59] Our World in Data. (2023). Democracy index. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/democracy-index- eiu#research-and-writing.

[60] Over 223 million cyberattack attempts by foreign hackers on Kazakhstan in 2023. (2024). Retrieved from https://www.kt.kz/ rus/society/bolee_223_mln_popytok_kiberatak_soversheno_ot_zarubezhnyh_1377959819.html.

[61] Penal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan. (2014, July). Retrieved from https://adilet.zan.kz/eng/docs/K1400000226.

[62] Phishing and social engineering: Virtual communication awareness training DS-IA103.06. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cdse.edu/Training/eLearning/DS-IA103/.

[63] Pollini, A., Callari, T.C., Tedeschi, A., Ruscio, D., Save, L., Chiarugi, F., & Guerri, D. (2022). Leveraging human factors in cybersecurity: An integrated methodological approach. Cognition Technology & Work, 24, 371-390. doi: 10.1007/s10111-021- 00683-y.

[64] Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council No. 2016/679 “On the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data, and Repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation)”. (2016, April). Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj/eng.

[65] Report on the implementation of the Strategic Plan of the Ministry of Digital Development, Innovations and Aerospace Industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2020-2024. (2021). Retrieved from https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mdai/documents/details/130694?lang=kk.

[66] Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 407 “On Approval of the Concept of Cybersecurity” (“Cyber Shield of Kazakhstan”). (2017, June). Retrieved from https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P1700000407.

[67] Saraswat, A., & Tiwari, G. (2025). United Nations and beyond: Legal strategies for defending critical energy infrastructure against cyber attacks. In M. Chawki & A. Abraham (Eds.), Cybercrime unveiled: Technologies for analysing legal complexity. Studies in computational intelligence (pp. 291-307). Cham: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-80557-8_13.

[68] Satbayeva, A.M., Alimbetova, A.R., & Beissenbayeva, M.T. (2024). Cybercrime challenges: Experience of international cooperation. Bulletin of Institute of Legislation and Legal Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 3(78), 211-221. doi: 10.52026/2788-5291_2024_78_3_211.

[69] Shaisultanov, S., Akimzhanov, T., Abdrakhmanov, B., Bazarlinova, A., & Bazarlinova, A. (2024). Combating internet fraud through operative-search measures. Law, State & Telecommunications Review, 16(2), 257-275. doi: 10.26512/lstr.v16i2.50740.

[70] Shandler, R., & Gomez, M.A. (2023). The hidden threat of cyber-attacks – undermining public confidence in government. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 20(4), 359-374. doi: 10.1080/19331681.2022.2112796.

[71] Sobirov, S. (2023). Comparative legal analysis of the regulation of electronic evidence in criminal proceedings: The experience of the USA, EU, and CIS countries. Society and Innovations, 4(5), 96-117.

[72] Tabrez, Y.E. (2020). National cybersecurity innovation. West Virginia Law Review, 123(2), 483-546.

[73] Tokayev signs law banning collection of copies of identity documents. (2023). Retrieved from https://atpress.kz/ru/news/v- kazakhstane/tokaev-podpisal-zakon-zapreshchayushchij-sbor-kopij-dokumentov-udostoveryayushchikh-lichnost.

[74] Turlybek, S. (2023). International cyber conference held at Almaty Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Retrieved from https://polisia.kz/ru/mezhdunarodnaya-kiberkonferentsiya-provdena-v-almatinskoj-akademii-mvd/.

[75] Turlybek, S. (2024). The Ministry of Internal Affairs has created a department to combat cybercrime. Retrieved from https://polisia.kz/ru/v-mvd-sozdan-departament-po-protivodejstviyukiberprestupnosti/.

[76] UNODC and partners conducted a regional seminar “Specific Features of the Investigation of Criminal Cases on Cybercrime: International Cooperation, Experience, Trends, Tactics and Problems” in Kazakhstan. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/roca/en/NEWS/Archive/unodc-and-partners-conducted-a-regional-seminar-specific-features-of-the-investigation-of-criminal-cases-on-cybercrime_-international-cooperation--experience--trends--tactics-and-problems-in-kazakhstan.html.

[77] Vuković, M., & Štefanac, T. (2023). Digital cultural heritage, cybersecurity, and the human factor. Preservation, Digital Technology & Culture, 52(4), 129-141. doi: 10.1515/pdtc-2023-0040.

[78] Walshe, T., & Simpson, A. (2020). An empirical study of bug bounty programs. In X. Luo, W. Shang, X. Sun & T. Zhang (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 2nd international workshop on intelligent bug fixing (IBF) (pp. 35-44). London: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. doi: 10.1109/IBF50092.2020.9034828.

[79] Where is the rise of cyber attacks observed in Kazakhstan? (2023). Retrieved from https://bluescreen.kz/gdie-nabliudaietsia- rost-kibieratak-v-kazakhstanie/.

[80] Yamin, M.M., Ullah, M., Ullah, H., & Katt, B. (2021). Weaponized AI for cyber attacks. Journal of Information Security and Applications, 57, article number 102722. doi: 10.1016/j.jisa.2020.102722.

[81] Zabikh, S. (2020). International experience of legal support of information security and the possibilities for its application in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Political Science Review, 3, 71-85. doi: 10.14746/pp.2020.25.3.6.

[82] Zeadally, S., Adi, E., Baig, Z., & Khan, I.A. (2020). Harnessing artificial intelligence capabilities to improve cybersecurity. IEEE Access, 8, 23817-23837. doi: 10.1109/access.2020.2968045.

[83] Zhakenov, K., Kultemirova, L. & Ibraeva, A. (2024). Comparative analysis of the activities of authorities to ensure the prevention of offenses in the Republic of Kazakhstan and other world countries. Security Journal, 37, 1430-1446. doi: 10.1057/s41284- 024-00425-5.

[84] Zhumagali, A. (2024). 158 executives punished for corruption since the beginning of the year in Kazakhstan. Retrieved from https://ulysmedia.kz/news/22683-158-rukovoditelei-nakazali-za-korruptsiiu-s-nachala-goda-v-kazakhstane/.