Social and Legal Studios
ISSN 2617-4162
e-ISSN 2617-4170
Publisher: Lviv State University of Internal Affairs
Abstract
As the preserved territories of Ukraine are highly vulnerable and unique, pollution of these areas due to military aggression can have extremely negative consequences not only for Ukraine but also for the entire world, particularly for the international economy. The aim of the article is to explore the phenomenon of the genocide of preserved territories associated with military aggression as a distinct form of genocide and the connection between the negative impact on the environment and adverse fluctuations in the national market. The study employs methods of comprehensive literature analysis and expert assessments, involving a comparison of legal and Ukrainian scientific approaches. The legislative approach to defining “genocide of preserved territories” is analysed, and a monitoring of statistical data on the level of negative impact on the territories and objects of Ukraine’s natural reserve fund is conducted. The method of scientific generalization and graphical representation is used to visualize the results of the research. For evaluating the secondary results of shelling on regions with a high level of protection, specifically preserved territories and objects, a quantitative literature review, including meta-analysis, is conducted. Calculations reflecting the extent of destruction from bombing are performed, allowing observation of the most damaged areas and assessing the needs for their restoration. Immediate consequences (first level) and hidden long-term economic consequences on the market oriented towards ecology after the war are identified. The concept of the genocide of preserved territories is introduced, which not only helps highlight the negative consequences and the extent of damage to these unique territories and objects but can also be used as a tool for legally highlighting the impact on the entire country from the level of damage to preserved territories and objects. This concept can contribute to determining the violated rights of preserved territories and encourage increased investment in this sector. Additionally, the research can assist in assessing the connection between the level of environmental destruction and the suitability of these regions for environmentally focused business projects
Keywords: nature reserved territories; ecocide; postwar period; genocide; consequences of war; level of the damage
Suggested citation
[1] Andryeyeva, N., Khumarova, N., & Nikolaychuk, T. (2019). Aligning the social, environmental, and economic interests of “green growth” of the Ukrainian nature reserve fund objects. Environmental Economics, 10(1), 93-104. doi: 10.21511/ ee.10(1).2019.07.
[2] Bricknell, S. (2010). Environmental crime in Australia. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
[3] Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation. (2022). Fact sheet: Russia’s use of thermobaric weapons in Ukraine. Retrieved from https://armscontrolcenter.org/fact-sheet-russias-use-of-thermobaric-weapons-in-ukraine.
[4] Constitution of Ukraine. (1996, June). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/en/254к/96-вр#Text.
[5] Criminal Code of Ukraine. (2001, April). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/en/2341-14#Text.
[6] Crist, E. (2013). Ecocide and the extinction of animal minds. In M. Bekoff (Ed.), Ignoring nature no more: The case for compassionate conservation (pp. 45-62). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. doi: 10.7208/9780226925363-007.
[7] Crook, M., & Short, D. (2014). Marx, Lemkin and the genocide – ecocide nexus. The International Journal of Human Rights, 18(3), 298-319. doi: 10.1080/13642987.2014.914703.
[8] Cullinan, C. (2011). Wild law: A manifesto for Earth justice Chelsea: Chelsea Green Publishing.
[9] Department of the Nature Reserve Fund of the Ministry of Environment of Ukraine. (2021). Analysis of the areas of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine by administrative-territorial units for 2020: Informational and analytical materials. Retrieved from https:// wownature.in.ua/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Dovidka-PZF-2020-V3.0-.pdf.
[10] Detweiler, G. (2019). How to build your business credit fast. Retrieved from https://www.nav.com/resource/how-to-establish- business-credit.
[11] Edenborg, E. (2017). Creativity, geopolitics and ontological security: Satire in Russia and the war in Ukraine. Postcolonial Studies, 20(3), 294-316. doi: 10.1080/13688790.2017.1378086.
[12] Eichler, L.J. (2020). Ecocide is genocide: Decolonizing the definition of genocide. Genocide Studies and Prevention, 14(2), 104-121. doi: 10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1720.
[13] Eman, K., Meško, G., & Fields, C. (2009). Crimes against the environment: Green criminology and research challenges in Slovenia. Journal of Criminal Justice and Security, 11(4), 574-592.
[14] Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2004). Building design for homeland security. Retrieved from https://www.fema.gov/ pdf/plan/prevent/rms/155/e155ig_cvr-agenda.pdf.
[15] Forbes: Russia spent a quarter of the budget on the war with Ukraine. (2022). Retrieved from https://www.dw.com/ru/forbes- rossia-potratila-na-vojnu-s-ukrainoj-uze-cetvert-budzeta/a-63881459.
[16] Fournier, A. (2018). From frozen conflict to mobile boundary: Youth perception of territoriality in war-time Ukraine. East European Politics and Societies and Culture, 32(1), 23-55.
[17] García Ruiz, A., South, N., & Brisman, A. (2022). Eco-crimes and ecocide at sea: Toward a new blue criminology. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 66(4), 407-429. doi: 10.1177/ 0306624X20967950.
[18] Hall, C.M. (2022). Tourism and the capitalocene: From green growth to ecocide. Tourism Planning & Development, 19(1), 61-74. doi: 10.1080/21568316.2021.2021474.
[19] Hellman, J. (2014). The fifth crime under international criminal law: Ecocide?. In D. Brodowski, M.E. de los Monteros de la Parra, K. Tiedemann & J. Vogel (Eds.), Regulating corporate criminal liability (pp. 273-280). Cham: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978- 3-319-05993-8_22.
[20] Higgins, P., Short, D., & South, N. (2013), Protecting the planet: A proposal for a law of ecocide. Crime, Law and Social Change, 59, 251-266. doi: 10.1007/s10611-013-9413-6.
[21] Joksimovich, V. (2000). Militarism and ecology: NATO ecocide in Serbia. Mediterranean Quarterly, 11(4), 140-160.
[22] Law of Ukraine No. 1082-IX “On the State Budget of Ukraine for 2021”. (2020, December). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1082-20#Text.
[23] Law of Ukraine No. 1801-VIII “On the State Budget of Ukraine for 2017”. (2016, December). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1801-19#Text.
[24] Law of Ukraine No. 1928-IX “On the State Budget of Ukraine for 2022”. (2021, December). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1928-20#Text.
[25] Law of Ukraine No. 2246-VIII “On the State Budget of Ukraine for 2018”. (2017, December). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2246-19#Text.
[26] Law of Ukraine No. 2456-XII “On the Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine”. (1992, June). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov. ua/laws/show/2456-12.
[27] Law of Ukraine No. 2629-VIII “On the State Budget of Ukraine for 2019”. (2018, November). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2629-19#Text.
[28] Law of Ukraine No. 294-IX “On the State Budget of Ukraine for 2020”. (2019, November). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/294-20#Text.
[29] Law of Ukraine No. 928-VIII “On the State Budget of Ukraine for 2016”. (2015, December). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/928-19#Text.
[30] Lemkin, R. (2008). Axis rule in occupied Europe: Laws of occupation, analysis of government, proposals for redress. Clark: The Lawbook Exchange.
[31] Lindgren, T. (2018). Ecocide, genocide and the disregard of alternative life-systems. The International Journal of Human Rights, 22(4), 525-549.
[32] Mehta, S., & Merz, S. (2015). Ecocide – a new crime against peace? Environmental Law Review, 17(1), 3-7. doi: 10.1177/1461452914564730.
[33] National Park “Buzkyi Gard”. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ua.igotoworld.com/ua/poi_object/66042_national-park-buzkyi- gard.htm.
[34] Nikolaychuk, T. (2022). The post-war rebuilding system by chess-business modeling: First steps and no answers. International Journal of Economics and Business Administration. 10(2), 78-100.
[35] Official website of Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://wownature.in.ua/oberihay mo/pryrodno- zapovidnyy-fond.
[36] Order of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine No. 111 “On Approval of the Regulation on the National Natural Park “Buzky Gard”. (2020, August). Retrieved from https://mepr.gov.ua/nakaz-mindovkillya-111- vid-31-08-2020.
[37] Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 807-IX “On the Formation and Liquidation of Districts”. (2020, July). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/807-20/sp:max100#Text.
[38] Resolution the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 214 “On Methodology for the Formation of Capable Territorial Communities”. (2015, April). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/214-2015-п#Text.
[39] Roborgh, S. (2021). Localisation in the balance: Syrian medical‐humanitarian NGOs’ strategic engagement with the local and international. Disasters, 47(2), 519-542. doi: 10.1111/disa.12504.
[40] Russian soldiers are destroying protected areas of the Kherson region, Denisova said. (2022). Retrieved from https://suspilne. media/239082-rosijski-vijskovi-znisuut-zapovidni-teritorii-hersonskoi-oblasti-denisova.
[41] Stewart, J.G. (2010). Corporate war crimes: Prosecuting pillage of natural resources. New York: Open Society Foundations.
[42] Stone, C.D. (2012). Should trees have standing? – Toward legal rights for natural objects. In S. Vanderheiden (Ed.), Environmental right. London: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9781315094427.
[43] Verner, I. (Ed.). (2021). Statistical Yearbook of Ukraine for 2020. Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine.
[44] Wanner, C. (2021). Empathic care and healing the wounds of war in Ukraine. Emotions and Society, 3(1), 155-170. doi: 10.1332/263169021X16139626598365.
[45] White, R. (2011). Transnational environmental crime: Toward an eco-global criminology. New London: Willan. doi: 10.4324/9780203804001.
[46] Wright, G. (2011). Conceptualising and combating transnational environmental crime. Trends in Organized Crime, 14, 332-346. doi: 10.1007/s12117-011-9130-4.