Social and Legal Studios
ISSN 2617-4162
e-ISSN 2617-4170
Publisher: Lviv State University of Internal Affairs
Abstract
Formalised structures of civil society are increasingly involved in the implementation of the law enforcement function, but the participation of such organisations in countering terrorism remains poorly studied in the theory of Ukrainian legal science. The research aims to determine the capabilities of civil society institutions in preventing and combating terrorism, following the proven international legal standards, and to outline the prospects for their use in shaping Ukraine’s anti-terrorism policy. Analysis, induction, deduction, and synthesis, as well as systemic structural and generalisation methods were used in the study. Countering terrorism has long remained one of the main tasks of the State, which must guarantee peace and security of citizens. Based on the textual analysis of some international legal acts which constitute the legal basis for countering terrorism, it is determined that they do not explicitly provide for the possibility of involving formalised structures of civil society in these processes. This also applies to the national specialised legislation in the field of counterterrorism. The author proposes to consolidate the opportunities for civil society institutions at the regulatory level to implement a set of relevant educational and information activities aimed at raising the level of legal culture of citizens, establishing interreligious dialogue, and fostering multiculturalism; to carry out information activities to raise public awareness of the existence, causes, public danger and consequences of terrorist crimes and the threats they pose. The author substantiates the need to organise educational activities aimed at enhancing the competence of relevant professionals; to introduce the proven experience of using scientific and technical methods and techniques for conducting criminal law research; to conduct joint educational and scientific activities; to exchange relevant statistical and information data on national legislation, etc. The author outlines the prospects for introducing the proven international experience of countering terrorism into the law enforcement practice of Ukraine. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that it proposes specific steps that civil society can take to prevent and combat terrorism.
Keywords: law enforcement agency; regulatory support; international act; legal basis; interaction; prevention; extremism; radicals; media
Suggested citation
[1] Additional Protocol on Combating Terrorism to the Agreement Among the Governments of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Participating States on Cooperation in Combating Crime, in Particular in its Organized Forms. (2004, December). Retrieved from http://www.bsec-organization.org/UploadedDocuments/StatutoryDocumentsAgreements/AddPrtTerrorism%20071120.pdf.
[2] Additional Protocol to the Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism. (2015, October). Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/168047c5ea.
[3] Borelli, M. (2023). Social media corporations as actors of counter-terrorism. New Media & Society, 25(11), 2877-2897. doi: 10.1177/14614448211035121.
[4] Buranhulov, A.V., Herashchenko, O.S., Zalievska, I.I., & Udrenas, H.I. (2023). Quality control over the activities of the National police of Ukraine as a requirement and condition for the successful European integration process of Ukraine. South Ukrainian Law Journal, 1, 18-22. doi: 10.32850/sulj.2023.1.3.
[5] Chernadchuk, T.O., & Berezovska, V.O. (2022). The policy of the European Union on the fight against terrorism: the analysis of the European Union legislation and some national antiterrorism programs. Constitutional State, 48, 66-76. doi: 10.18524/2411-2054.2022.48.267964.
[6] Constitution of Ukraine. (1996, June). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text.
[7] Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. (1950, November). Retrieved from https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/convention_eng.pdf.
[8] Council of Europe Convention on Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds of Crime and on the Financing of Terrorism. (2005, May). Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/168008371f.
[9] Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism. (2005, May). Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/16808c3f55.
[10] Council of the European Union. (2009). European Security Strategy: A secure Europe in a better world. Brussels: General Secretariat of the Council. doi: 10.2860/1402.
[11] Directive (EU) 2018/843 of the European Parliament and of the Council Amending Directive (EU) 2015/849 on the Prevention of the Use of the Financial System for the Purposes of Money Laundering or Terrorist Financing, and Amending Directives 2009/138/EC and 2013/36/EU. (2018, May). Retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2018/843/oj.
[12] Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council No. 2018/843 Amending Directive (EU) 2015/849 on the Prevention of the Use of the Financial System for the Purposes of Money Laundering or Terrorist Financing and Amending Directives 2009/138/EU and 2013/36/EU. (2018, May). Retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2018/843/oj.
[13] Do, Q.-T., Gomez-Parra, N., & Rijkers, B. (2023). Transnational terrorism and the internet. Journal of Development Economics, 164, article number 103118. doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103118.
[14] Ettang, D. (2023). Exploring the role of civil society in countering organized crime in South Africa. In M. Vieira (Ed.), Global Approaches on State Fragility & Organized Crime (pp. 187-207). San José: University for Peace.
[15] European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism. (1977, January). Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/16800771b2.
[16] Hladkyi, A.O. (2023). International institutional support for victims of terrorism. Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, 3, 400-404. doi: 10.24144/2788-6018.2023.03.72.
[17] Horbach, O., & Sygidus, K. (2017). Comparative analysis of the European Security Strategy. (2003) and Global Strategy of the European Union (2016). Humanitarian Vision, 3(2), 57-62. doi: 10.23939/shv2017.02.057.
[18] Institute for Economics & Peace. (2023). Global Terrorism Index 2023: Measuring peace in a complex world. Sydney: IEP.
[19] International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism. (1999, November). Retrieved from https://treaties.un.org/doc/db/terrorism/english-18-11.pdf.
[20] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. (1966, December). Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights.
[21] Jainah, Z.O. (2022). Law enforcement policy: Narcotics crime in Indonesia. Baltic Journal of Law & Politics, 15(2), 89-99.
[22] Kovalevska, D.V., & Karashchuk, M.H. (2023). Investigating the functioning of civil society in a state governed by the rule of law in a deliberative democracy. National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, 1, 89-96. doi: 10.20535/2308-5053.2023.1(57).280801.
[23] Kudinov, S.S. (2019). International experience against terrorism and its importance for Ukraine. Scientific Notes of Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University. Series: Juridical Sciences, 30(1), 117-123.
[24] Law of Ukraine No. 1906-ІV “On International Treaties of Ukraine”. (2004, June). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1906-15#Text.
[25] Law of Ukraine No. 638-IV “On Combating Terrorism”. (2003, March). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/638-15.
[26] Leonenko, O.A., Levytskyi, V.V., & Shevelev, K.E. (2021). Features of information and criminalistic counteraction to terrorism and drug business. Bulletin of the Criminological Association of Ukraine, 2, 142-148.
[27] Malakhov, H. (2022). New strategy for combating terrorism in the USA. Information and Law, 1, 119-123. doi: 10.37750/2616-6798.2022.1(40).254350.
[28] National Strategy to Promote the Development of Civil Society in Ukraine for 2021-2026. (2021, September). Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/487/2021#n23.
[29] Onishchenko, N.M., & Suniehin, S.O. (2023). Law ensuring the interaction of the armed forces of Ukraine with civil society: Conceptual basic. Scientific Innovations and Advanced Technologies, 5, 313-321. doi: 10.52058/2786-5274-2023-5(19)-313-321.
[30] OSCE. (2007). The role of civil society in preventing terrorism: Informal working level meeting: Report. Barcelona. Retrieved from https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/9/9/25142.pdf.
[31] Pivovar, М., & Kovalchuk, S. (2022). Directions of reforming civil society and public authorities in the conditions of war in Ukraine. Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, 1, 173-178. doi: 10.24144/2788-6018.2022.01.32.
[32] Security Council Resolution 2354 (2017) on Implementation of the Comprehensive International Framework to Counter Terrorist Narratives. (2017, May). Retrieved from https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1289209?ln=en.
[33] Tikhonova, O.V., Holdovskyi, A.H., Bratasyuk, O.B., Chornohor, N.S., Herbut, N.A., & Serohina, N.K. (2022). The efficiency of tools for social interaction between public authorities and civil society. Amazonia Investiga, 11(51), 161-170. doi: 10.34069/AI/2022.51.03.15.
[34] Tymoshenko, V.I. (2023). Determinants of modern terrorism. Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, 75 (Pt 2), 130-135. doi: 10.24144/2307-3322.2022.75.2.21.
[35] United Nations Declaration on Crime and Public Security. (1997, January). Retrieved from https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/234810?ln=en.
[36] Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (1948, Desember). Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights.
[37] Vinichuk, M.V., & Nakonechna, N.V. (2017). Economic security of the state: Socio-economic dimension. Lviv: Liha-Pres.
[38] Yawan, F.R., Hasibuan, F.Y., Ismed, M., & Ariyamang, W. (2023). Narcotics crime in Indonesia: Examining law enforcement, politics, and human rights. Novateur Publications, 2, 42-48.